The Stoics held that ████ alone is genuinely good and sufficient for happiness: health, wealth, and reputation are "indifferent" and neither benefit nor harm the soul.
Kant rejected ████ ethics as insufficient: no character trait is unconditionally good, he argued; only a good will — acting from duty — has unconditional moral worth.
MacIntyre's "After Virtue" argued that modern moral philosophy is incoherent because it inherited the vocabulary of ████ while discarding the teleological framework (human nature and its proper end) that made it intelligible.
Contemporary ████ ethics shifts attention from "what should I do?" to "what kind of person should I be?" — emphasising character development, practical wisdom, and the role of moral exemplars in shaping a good life.
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